Trifles Susan Glaspell
Susan Glaspell (1876-1948) was an American
playwright, novelist, journalist and actress. First
known for her short stories (fifty were published),
Glaspell is known also to have written nine novels,
fifteen plays, and a biography. Her works typically
explore contemporary social issues, such as gender,
ethics, and dissent, while featuring deep, sympathetic
characters. Her first novel The Glory of the Conquered
was published in 1909. She wrote three best-selling
novels Brook Evans (1928), Fugitive's Return (1929),
and Ambrose Holt and Family (1931).
Her first play Trifles (1916) was based on the murder trial she had covered as a
young reporter in Des Moines. Her play Alison's House (1930) earned the Pulitzer
Prize for drama in 1931. Glaspell is today recognized as a pioneering feminist writer
and America's first important modern female playwright.
The play Trifles revolves around murder investigation providing a perspective about
the status of women in contemporary American society reflecting the male mentality
as the dominant gender.
Trifles chronicles the day after Mrs. Wright is arrested on suspicion of murdering
her husband. Though the play is about the Wrights and the circumstances of Mr.
Wright’s death, Mrs. Wright never appears onstage. The audience learns about her
from the perspective of her neighbours and their reactions to items they find inside
the Wrights’ home.
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Reading
Now read the following one act play about murder investigation.
Casting Characters
GEORGE HENDERSON, County Attorney
HENRY PETERS, Sheriff and husband of Mrs. Peters
LEWIS HALE, a neighbouring farmer of the Wrights
MRS. PETERS, Wife of the sheriff
MRS. HALE, Neighbour to the Wrights and wife of Lewis Hale
(The kitchen in the now abandoned farmhouse of John Wright, a gloomy kitchen, and left
without having been put in order—unwashed pans under the sink, a loaf of bread outside the
bread-box, a dish-towel on the table—other signs of incomplete work. At the rear the outer
door opens and the Sheriff comes in followed by the County Attorney and Hale. The Sheriff
and Hale are men in middle life, the County Attorney is a young man; all are much bundled up
and go at once to the stove. They are followed by the two women—the Sheriff’s wife first; she
is a slight wiry woman, a thin nervous face. Mrs. Hale is larger and would ordinarily be called
more comfortable looking, but she is disturbed now and looks fearfully about as she enters.
The women have come in slowly, and stand close together near the door.)
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (at stove rubbing his hands) This feels good. Come up to
the fire, ladies.
MRS. PETERS: (after taking a step forward). I’m not—cold.
SHERIFF: (unbuttoning his overcoat and stepping away from the stove to right of
table as if to mark the beginning of official business). Now, Mr. Hale, before we move
things about, you explain to Mr. Henderson just what you saw when you came here
yesterday morning.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (crossing down to left of the table) By the way, has anything
been moved? Are things just as you left them yesterday?
SHERIFF: (looking about) It’s just the same. When it dropped below zero last night,
I thought I’d better send Frank out this morning to make a fire for us— (sits right of
centre table) no use getting pneumonia with a big case on, but I told him not to touch
anything except the stove—and you know Frank.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: Somebody should have been left here yesterday.
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SHERIFF: Oh—yesterday. When I had to send Frank to Morris Centre for that man
who went crazy—I want you to know I had my hands full yesterday. I knew you could
get back from Omaha by today and as long as I went over everything here myself—
COUNTY ATTORNEY: Well, Mr. Hale, tell just what happened when you came
here yesterday morning.
HALE: (crossing down to above table) Harry and I had started to town with a load
of potatoes. We came along the road from my place and as I got here I said, “I’m
going to see if I can’t get John Wright to go in with me on a party telephone.” I
spoke to Wright about it once before and he put me off, saying folks talked too much
anyway, and all he asked was peace and quiet— I guess you know about how much he
talked himself; but I thought maybe if I went to the house and talked about it before
his wife, though I said to Harry that I didn’t know as what his wife wanted made much
difference to John—
COUNTY ATTORNEY: Let’s talk about that later, Mr. Hale. I do want to
talk about that, but tell now just what happened when you got to the house.
HALE: I didn’t hear or see anything; I knocked at the door, and still it was all
quiet inside. I knew they must be up, it was past eight o’clock. So I knocked again,
and I thought I heard somebody say, “Come in.” I wasn’t sure, I’m not sure yet,
but I opened the door—this door (indicating the door by which the two women
are still standing) and there in that rocker—(pointing to it) sat Mrs. Wright.
(They all look at the rocker downstage left.)
COUNTY ATTORNEY: What—was she doing?
HALE: She was rock in’ back and forth. She had her apron in her hand and was kind
of—pleating it.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: And how did she—look?
HALE: Well, she looked queer.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: How do you mean—queer?
HALE: Well, as if she didn’t know what she was going to do next. And kind of done up.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (takes out notebook and pencil and sits left of center table)
How did she seem to feel about your coming?
HALE: Why, I don’t think she minded—one way or other. She didn’t pay much attention.
I said, “How do, Mrs. Wright, it’s cold, ain’t it?” And she said, “Is it?”—and went on
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kind of pleating at her apron. Well, I was surprised; she didn’t ask me to come up to the
stove, or to set down, but just sat there, not even looking at me, so I said, “I want to see
John.” And then she— laughed. I guess you would call it a laugh. I thought of Harry and
the team outside, so I said a little sharp: “Can’t I see John?” “No,” she says, kind o’ dull
like. “Ain’t he home?” says I. “Yes,” says she, “he’s home.” “Then why can’t I see him?” I
asked her, out of patience. “Cause he’s dead,” says she. “Dead?” says I. She just nodded
her head, not getting a bit excited, but rockin’ back and forth. “Why—where is he?”
says I, not knowing what to say. She just pointed upstairs—like that (himself pointing
to the room above). I started for the stairs, with the idea of going up there. I walked
from there to here—then I says “Why, what did he die of?” “He died of a rope round
his neck,” says she, and just went on pleatin’ at her apron. Well, I went out and called
Harry. I thought I might— need help. We went upstairs and there he was lyin’—
COUNTY ATTORNEY: I think I’d rather have you go into that upstairs, where you
can point it all out. Just go on now with the rest of the story.
HALE: Well, my first thought was to get that rope off. It looked . . . (Stops. His
facetwitches.) . . . but Harry, he went up to him, and he said, “No, he’s dead all
right, and we’d better not touch anything.” So we went back downstairs. She was
still sitting that same way. “Has anybody been notified?” I asked. “No,” says she,
unconcerned. “Who did this, Mrs. Wright?” said Harry. He said it business like—
and she stopped pleatin’ of her apron. “I don’t know,” she says. “You don’t know?”
says Harry. “No,” says she. “Weren’t you sleepin’ in the bed with him?” says Harry.
“Yes,” says she, “but I was on the inside.” “Somebody slipped a rope round his neck
and strangled him and you didn’t wake up?” says Harry. “I didn’t wake up,” she
said after him. We must ’a’ looked as if we didn’t see how that could be, for after a
minute she said, “I sleep sound.” Harry was going to ask her more questions but I said
maybe we ought to let her tell her story first to the coroner, or the sheriff, so Harry
went fast as he could to Rivers’ place, where there’s a telephone.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: And what did Mrs. Wright do when she knew that you had
gone for the coroner?
HALE: She moved from the rocker to that chair over there (pointing to a small chair
in the downstage right corner) and just sat there with her hands held together and
looking down. I got a feeling that I ought to make some conversation, so I said I had
come in to see if John wanted to put in a telephone, and at that she started to laugh, and
then she stopped and looked at me— scared. (The County Attorney, who has had his
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notebook out, makes a note.) I dunno, maybe it wasn’t scared. I wouldn’t like to say
it was. Soon Harry got back, and then Dr. Lloyd came, and you, Mr. Peters, and so I
guess that’s all I know that you don’t.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (rising and looking around) I guess we’ll go upstairs
first—and then out to the barn and around there. (To the Sheriff) You’re convinced
that there was nothing important here—nothing that would point to any motive?
SHERIFF: Nothing here but kitchen things. (The County Attorney, after again looking
around the kitchen, opens the door of a cupboard closet in right wall. He brings a
small chair from right—gets up on it and looks on a shelf. Pulls his hand away, sticky.)
COUNTY ATTORNEY: Here’s a nice mess. (The women draw nearer upstage canter.)
MRS. PETERS: (to the other woman) Oh, her fruit; it did freeze. (To the Lawyer)
She worried about that when it turned so cold. She said the fire’d go out and her jars
would break.
SHERIFF: (rises) Well, can you beat the women! Held for murder and worryin’ about
her preserves.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (getting down from chair) I guess before we’re through she
may have something more serious than preserves to worry about. (crosses down right
centre)
HALE: Well, women are used to worrying over trifles. (The two women move a little
closer together.)
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (with the gallantry of a young politician) And yet, for all
their worries, what would we do without the ladies? (The women do not unbend. He
goes below the centre table to the sink, takes a dipper full of water from the pail and,
pouring it into a basin, washes his hands. While he is doing this, the Sheriff and Hale
cross to cupboard, which they inspect. The County Attorney starts to wipe his hands on
the roller towel, turns it fora cleaner place.) Dirty towels! (Kicks his foot against the
pans under the sink.) Not much of a housekeeper, would you say, ladies?
MRS. HALE: (stiffly) There’s a great deal of work to be done on a farm.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: To be sure. And yet (with a little bow to her) I know there
are some Dickson County farmhouses which do not have such roller towels. (He gives
it a pull to expose its full length again.)
MRS. HALE: Those towels get dirty awful quick. Men’s hands aren’t always as clean
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as they might be.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: Ah, loyal to your sex, I see. But you and Mrs. Wright were
neighbours. I suppose you were friends, too.
MRS. HALE: (shaking her head) I’ve not seen much of her of late years. I’ve not
been in this house—it’s more than a year.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (crossing to women upstage centre) And why was that?
You didn’t like her?
MRS. HALE: I liked her all well enough. Farmers’ wives have their hands full, Mr.
Henderson. And then—
COUNTY ATTORNEY: Yes—?
MRS. HALE: (looking about) It never seemed a very cheerful place.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: No—it’s not cheerful. I shouldn’t say she had the
homemaking instinct.
MRS. HALE: Well, I don’t know as Wright had, either.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: You mean that they didn’t get on very well?
MRS. HALE: No, I don’t mean anything. But I don’t think a place’d be any cheerfuller
for John Wright’s being in it.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: I’d like to talk more of that a little later. I want to get the
lay of things upstairs now. (He goes past the women to upstage right where steps lead
to a stair door.)
SHERIFF: I suppose anything Mrs. Peters does will be all right. She was to take
in some clothes for her, you know, and a few little things. We left in such a hurry
yesterday.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: Yes, but I would like to see what you take, Mrs. Peters, and
keep an eye out for anything that might be of use to us.
MRS. PETERS: Yes, Mr. Henderson. (The men leave by upstage right door to stairs.
The women listen to the men’s steps on the stairs, then look about the kitchen.)
MRS. HALE: (crossing left to sink) I’d hate to have men coming into my kitchen,
snooping around and criticizing. (She arranges the pans under sink which the lawyer
had shoved out of place.)
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MRS. PETERS: Of course it’s no more than their duty. (crosses to cupboard upstage right)
MRS. HALE: Duty’s all right, but I guess that deputy sheriff that came out to make the
fire might have got a little of this on. (Gives the roller towel a pull.) Wish I’d thought
of that sooner. Seems mean to talk about her for not having things slicked up when she
had to come away in such a hurry. (Crosses right to Mrs. Peters at cupboard.)
MRS. PETERS: (who has been looking through cupboard, lifts one end of a towel
that covers a pan) She had bread set. (Stands still.)
MRS. HALE: (eyes fixed on a loaf of bread beside the breadbox, which is
on a low shelf of the cupboard) She was going to put this in there. (Picks up
loaf, then abruptly drops it. In a manner of returning to familiar things.) It’s a
shame about her fruit. I wonder if it’s all gone. (Gets up on the chair and looks.)
I think there’s some here that’s all right, Mrs. Peters. Yes—here; (holding it toward the
window) this is cherries, too. (looking again) I declare I believe that’s the only one.
(Gets down, jar in her hand. Goes to the sink and wipes it off on the outside.) She’ll feel
awful bad after all her hard work in the hot weather. I remember the afternoon I put up
my cherries last summer. (She puts the jar on the big kitchen table, centre of the room.
With a sigh, is about to sit down in the rocking chair. Before she is seated realizes
what chair it is; with a slow look at it, steps back. The chair which she has touched
rocks back and forth. Mrs. Peters moves to centre table and they both watch the chair
rock for a moment or two.)
MRS. PETERS: (shaking off the mood which the empty rocking chair has evoked;
now in a business-like manner she speaks). Well, I must get those things from
the front room closet. (She goes to the door at the right, but, after looking into
the other room, steps back.) You coming with me, Mrs. Hale? You could help me
carry them. (They go in the other room; reappear, Mrs. Peters carrying a dress,
petticoat and skirt, Mrs. Hale following with a pair of shoes.) My, it’s cold in there.
(She puts the clothes on the big table, and hurries to the stove.)
MRS. HALE: (right of centre table examining the skirt). Wright was close. I
think maybe that’s why she kept so much to herself. She didn’t even belong to
the Ladies’ Aid. I suppose she felt she couldn’t do her part, and then you don’t
enjoy things when you feel shabby. I heard she used to wear pretty clothes and be
lively, when she was Minnie Foster, one of the town girls singing in the
choir. But that— oh, that was thirty years ago. This all you was to take in?
MRS. PETERS: She said she wanted an apron. Funny thing to want, for there isn’t
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much to get you dirty in jail, goodness knows. But I suppose just to make her feel more
natural. (crosses to cupboard) She said they was in the top drawer in this cupboard.
Yes, here. And then her little shawl that always hung behind the door. (Opens stair
door and looks.) Yes, here it is. (Quickly shuts door leading upstairs.)
MRS. HALE: (abruptly moving toward her). Mrs. Peters?
MRS. PETERS: Yes, Mrs. Hale? (At up stage right door.)
MRS. HALE: Do you think she did it?
MRS. PETERS: (in a frightened voice). Oh, I don’t know.
MRS. HALE: Well, I don’t think she did. Asking for an apron and her little shawl.
Worrying about her fruit.
MRS. PETERS: (Starts to speak, glances up, where footsteps are heard in the room
above. In a low voice). Mr. Peters says it looks bad for her. Mr. Henderson is awful
sarcastic in a speech and he’ll make fun of her sayin’ she didn’t wake up.
MRS. HALE: Well, I guess John Wright didn’t wake when they was slipping that rope
under his neck.
MRS. PETERS: (crossing slowly to table and placing shawl and apron on table with
other clothing). No, it’s strange. It must have been done awful crafty and still. They
say it was such a—funny way to kill a man, rigging it all up like that.
MRS. HALE: (crossing to left of Mrs. Peters table). That’s just what Mr. Hale said.
There was a gun in the house. He says that’s what he can’t understand.
MRS. PETERS: Mr. Henderson said coming out that what was needed for the case
was a motive; something to show anger, or— sudden feeling.
MRS. HALE: (who is standing by the table). Well, I don’t see any signs of anger around here.
(She puts her hand on the dishtowel which lies on the table, stands looking down at
table, one half of which is clean, the other half messy.) It’s wiped to here. (Makes a
move as if to finish work, then turns and looks at loaf of bread outside the breadbox.
Drops towel. In that voice of coming back to familiar things.) Wonder how they are
finding things upstairs. (crossing below table to downstage right) I hope she had it a
little more readied-up up there. You know, it seems kind of sneaking. Locking her up
in town and then coming out here and trying to get her own house to turn against her!
MRS. PETERS: But, Mrs. Hale, the law is the law.
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MRS. HALE: I s'pose' tis. (unbuttoning her coat) Better loosen up your things, Mrs.
Peters. You won’t feel them when you go out. (MRS. PETERS takes off her fur tippet,
goes to hang it on chair back left of table, stands looking at the work basket on floor
near downstage left window.)
MRS. PETERS: She was piecing a quilt. (She brings the large sewing basket to the
centre table and they look at the bright pieces, Mrs. Hale above the table and Mrs.
Peters left of it.)
MRS. HALE: It’s a log cabin pattern. Pretty, isn’t it? I wonder if she was goin’ to
quilt it or just knot it? (Footsteps have been heard coming down the stairs. The Sheriff
enters followed by Hale and the County Attorney.)
SHERIFF: They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it! (The men laugh,
the women look abashed.)
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (rubbing his hands over the stove). Frank’s fire didn’t do
much up there, did it? Well, let’s go out to the barn and get that cleared up. (The men
go outside by upstage left door.)
MRS. HALE: (resentfully). I don’t know as there’s anything so strange, our takin’ up
our time with little things while we’re waiting for them to get the evidence. (She sits
in chair right of table smoothing out a block with decision.) I don’t see as it’s anything
to laugh about.
MRS. PETERS: (apologetically). Of course they’ve got awful important things on
their minds. (Pulls up a chair and joins Mrs. Hale at the left of the table.)
MRS. HALE: (examining another block). Mrs. Peters, look at this one. Here, this
is the one she was working on, and look at the sewing! All the rest of it has been so
nice and even. And look at this! It’s all over the place! Why, it looks as if she didn’t
know what she was about! (After she has said this they look at each other, then start
to glance back at the door. After an instant Mrs. Hale has pulled at a knot and ripped
the sewing.)
MRS. PETERS: Oh, what are you doing, Mrs. Hale?
MRS. HALE: (mildly). Just pulling out a stitch or two that’s not sewed very good.
(threading a needle) Bad sewing always made me fidgety.
MRS. PETERS: (with a glance at door, nervously). I don’t think we ought to touch
things.
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MRS. HALE: I’ll just finish up this end. (suddenly stopping and leaning forward)
Mrs. Peters?
MRS. PETERS: Yes, Mrs. Hale?
MRS. HALE: What do you suppose she was so nervous about?
MRS. PETERS: Oh—I don’t know, I don’t know as she was nervous. I sometimes
sew awful queer when I’m just tired. (Mrs. Hale starts to say something, looks at Mrs.
Peters, then goes on sewing.) Well, I must get these things wrapped up. They may
be through sooner than we think. (putting apron and other things together) I wonder
where I can find a piece of paper, and string. (Rises.)
MRS. HALE: In that cupboard, maybe.
MRS. PETERS: (crosses right looking in cupboard). Why, here’s a birdcage. (Holds
it up.) Did she have a bird, Mrs. Hale?
MRS. HALE: Why, I don’t know whether she did or not—I’ve not been here for so
long. There was a man around last year selling canaries cheap, but I don’t know as she
took one; maybe she did. She used to sing real pretty herself.
MRS. PETERS: (glancing around). Seems funny to think of a bird here. But she must
have had one, or why would she have a cage? I wonder what happened to it?
MRS. HALE: I s’pose maybe the cat got it.
MRS. PETERS: No, she didn’t have a cat. She’s got that feeling some people have
about cats—being afraid of them. My cat got in her room and she was real upset and
asked me to take it out.
MRS. HALE: My sister Bessie was like that. Queer, ain’t it?
MRS. PETERS: (examining the cage). Why, look at this door. It’s broke. One hinge
is pulled apart. (Takes a step down to Mrs. Hale’s right.)
MRS. HALE: (looking too). Looks as if someone must have been rough with it.
MRS. PETERS: Why, yes. (She brings the cage forward and puts it on the table.)
MRS. HALE: (glancing toward upstage left door). I wish if they’re going to find any
evidence they’d be about it. I don’t like this place.
MRS. PETERS: But I’m awful glad you came with me, Mrs. Hale. It would be
lonesome for me sitting here alone.
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MRS. HALE: It would, wouldn’t it? (dropping her sewing) But I tell you what I do
wish, Mrs. Peters. I wish I had come over sometimes when she was here. I—(looking
around the room)—wish I had.
MRS. PETERS: But of course you were awful busy, Mrs. Hale—your house and your
children.
MRS. HALE: (rises and crosses left). I could’ve come. I stayed away because it
weren’t cheerful—and that’s why I ought to have come. I (looking out left window)—
I’ve never liked this place. Maybe because it’s down in a hollow and you don’t see the
road. I dunno what it is, but it’s a lonesome place and always was. I wish I had come
over to see Minnie Foster sometimes. I can see now—(shakes her head)
MRS. PETERS: (left of table and above it). Well, you mustn’t reproach yourself, Mrs.
Hale. Somehow we just don’t see how it is with other folks until—something turns up.
MRS. HALE: Not having children makes less work—but it makes a quiet house,
and Wright out to work all day, and no company when he did come in. (turning from
window) Did you know John Wright, Mrs. Peters?
MRS. PETERS: Not to know him; I’ve seen him in town. They say he was a good man.
MRS. HALE: Yes—good; he didn’t drink, and kept his word as well as most, I guess,
and paid his debts. But he was a hard man, Mrs. Peters. Just to pass the time of day
with him—(shivers). Like a raw wind that gets to the bone. (pauses, her eye falling on
the cage) I should think she would’ a’ wanted a bird. But what do you suppose went
with it?
MRS. PETERS: I don’t know, unless it got sick and died. (She reaches over and
swings the broken door, swings it again, both women watch it.)
MRS. HALE: You weren’t raised round here, were you? (Mrs. Peters shakes her
head.) You didn’t know—her?
MRS. PETERS: Not till they brought her yesterday.
MRS. HALE: She—come to think of it, she was kind of like a bird herself—real sweet
and pretty, but kind of timid and—fluttery. How—she—did—change. (Silence; then
as if struck by a happy thought and relieved to get back to everyday things, crosses
right above Mrs. Peters to cupboard, replaces small chair used to stand on to its
original place downstage right.) Tell you what, Mrs. Peters, why don’t you take the
quilt in with you? It might take up her mind.
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MRS. PETERS: Why, I think that’s a real nice idea, Mrs. Hale. There couldn’t
possibly be any objection to it, could there? Now, just what would I take? I wonder if
her patches are in here—and her things. (They look in the sewing basket.)
MRS. HALE: (crosses to right of table). Here’s some red. I expect this has got
sewing things in it. (Brings out a fancy box.) What a pretty box. Looks like something
somebody would give you. Maybe her scissors are in here. (Opens box. Suddenly puts
her hand to her nose.) Why— (Mrs. Peters bends nearer, then turns her face away.
There’s something wrapped up in this piece of silk.
MRS. PETERS: Why, this isn’t her scissors.
MRS. HALE: (lifting the silk). Oh, Mrs. Peters— it’s—(Mrs. Peters bends closer.)
MRS. PETERS: It’s the bird.
MRS. HALE: But, Mrs. Peters—look at it! Its neck! Look at its neck! It’s all—other
side to.
MRS. PETERS: Somebody—wrung—its—neck. (Their eyes meet. A look of growing
comprehension, of horror. Steps are heard outside, Mrs. Hale slips box under quilt
pieces, and sinks into her chair. Enter Sheriff and County Attorney. Mrs. Peters steps
downstage left and stands looking out of window.)
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (as one turning from serious things to little pleasantries).
Well, ladies, have you decided whether she was going to quilt it or knot it? (Crosses
to centre above table.)
MRS. PETERS: We think she was going to— knot it. (Sheriff crosses to right of
stove, lifts stove lid and glances at fire, then stands warming hands at stove.)
COUNTY ATTORNEY: Well, that’s interesting, I’m sure. (Seeing the birdcage.)
Has the bird flown?
MRS. HALE: (putting more quilt pieces over the box). We think the—cat got it.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (preoccupied). Is there a cat? (Mrs. Hale glances in a quick
covert way at Mrs. Peters.)
MRS. PETERS: (turning from window takes a step in). Well, not now. They’re
superstitious, you know. They leave.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (to Sheriff Peters, continuing an interrupted conversation).
No sign at all of anyone having come from the outside. Their own rope. Now let’s go
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up again and go over it piece by piece. (They start upstairs.) It would have to have been
someone who knew just the— (Mrs. Peters sits down left of table. The two women sit
there not looking at one another, but as if peering into something and at the same time
holding back. When they talk now it is in the manner of feeling their way over strange
ground, as if afraid of what they are saying, but as if they cannot help saying it.)
MRS. HALE: (hesitantly and in hushed voice) She liked the bird. She was going to
bury it in that pretty box.
MRS. PETERS: (in a whisper). When I was a girl—my kitten—there was a boy took
a hatchet, and before my eyes—and before I could get there— (covers her face an
instant) If they hadn’t held me back I would have—(catches herself, looks upstairs
where steps are heard, falters weakly)—hurt him.
MRS. HALE: (with a slow look around her). I wonder how it would seem never to
have had any children around. (pause) No, Wright wouldn’t like the bird—a thing that
sang. She used to sing. He killed that, too.
MRS. PETERS: (moving uneasily). We don’t know who killed the bird.
MRS. HALE: I knew John Wright.
MRS. PETERS: It was an awful thing was done in this house that night, Mrs. Hale.
Killing a man while he slept, slipping a rope around his neck that choked the life out
of him.
MRS. HALE: His neck. Choked the life out of him. (Her hand goes out and rests on
the birdcage.)
MRS. PETERS: (with rising voice). We don’t know who killed him. We don’t know.
MRS. HALE: (her own feeling not interrupted). If there’d been years and years of
nothing, then a bird to sing to you, it would be awful—still, after the bird was still.
MRS. PETERS: (something within her speaking). I know what stillness is. When we
homesteaded in Dakota, and my first baby died—after he was two years old, and me
with no other then—
MRS. HALE: (moving). How soon do you suppose they’ll be through looking for the
evidence?
MRS. PETERS: I know what stillness is. (pulling herself back) The law has got to
punish crime, Mrs. Hale.
298 English: Grade 11
MRS. HALE: (not as if answering that). I wish you’d seen Minnie Foster when she
wore a white dress with blue ribbons and stood up there in the choir and sang. (a look
around the room) Oh, I wish I’d come over here once in a while! That was a crime!
That was a crime! Who’s going to punish that?
MRS. PETERS: (looking upstairs). We mustn’t— take on.
MRS. HALE: I might have known she needed help! I know how things can be—
for women. I tell you, it’s queer, Mrs. Peters. We live close together and we live far
apart. We all go through the same things— it’s all just a different kind of the same
thing. (Brushes her eyes. Noticing the jar of fruit, reaches out for it.) If I was you
I wouldn’t tell her fruit was gone. Tell her it ain’t. Tell her it’s all right. Take this
in to prove it to her. She—she may never know whether it was broke or not.
MRS. PETERS: (takes the jar, looks about for something to wrap it in; takes
petticoat from the clothes brought from the other room, very nervously begins
winding this around the jar; in a false voice). My, it’s a good thing the men
couldn’t hear us. Wouldn’t they just laugh! Getting all stirred up over a little
thing like a—dead canary. As if that could have anything to do with—with— wouldn’t
they laugh! (The men are heard coming downstairs.)
MRS. HALE: (under her breath). Maybe they would—maybe they wouldn’t.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: No, Peters, it’s all perfectly clear except a reason for doing
it. But you know juries when it comes to women. If there was some definite thing.
(Crosses slowly to above table. Sheriff crosses downstage right. Mrs. Hale and Mrs.
Peters remain seated at either side of table.) Something to show—something to make
a story about—a thing that would connect up with this strange way of doing it— (The
women’s eyes meet for an instant. Enter Hale from outer door.)
HALE: (remaining upstage left by door). Well, I’ve got the team around. Pretty cold
out there.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: I’m going to stay awhile by myself. (To the Sheriff) You
can send Frank out for me, can’t you? I want to go over everything. I’m not satisfied
that we can’t do better.
SHERIFF: Do you want to see what Mrs. Peters is going to take in? (The Lawyer
picks up the apron, laughs.)
COUNTY ATTORNEY: Oh, I guess they’re not very dangerous things the ladies
have picked out. (Moves a few things about, disturbing the quilt pieces which cover the
English: Grade 11 299
box. Steps back.) No, Mrs. Peters doesn’t need supervising. For that matter a sheriff’s
wife is married to the law. Ever think of it that way, Mrs. Peters?
MRS. PETERS: Not—just that way.
SHERIFF: (chuckling). Married to the law. (Moves to downstage right door to the
other room.) I just want you to come in here a minute, George. We ought to take a look
at these windows.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (scoffingly). Oh, windows!
SHERIFF: We’ll be right out, Mr. Hale. (Hale goes outside. The Sheriff follows the
County Attorney into the other room. Then Mrs. Hale rises, hands tight together,
looking intensely at Mrs. Peters, whose eyes make a slow turn, finally meeting Mrs.
Hale’s. A moment Mrs. Hale holds her, then her own eyes point the way to where the
box is concealed. Suddenly Mrs. Peters throws back quilt pieces and tries to put the
box in the bag she is carrying. It is too big. She opens box, starts to take bird out,
cannot touch it, goes to pieces, stands there helpless. Sound of a knob turning in the
other room, Mrs. Hale snatches the box and puts it in the pocket of her big coat. Enter
County Attorney and Sheriff, who remains downstage right.)
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (crosses to upstage left door facetiously). Well, Henry, at
least we found out that she was not going to quilt it. She was going to—what is it you
call it, ladies?
MRS. HALE: (standing centre below table facing front, her hand against her pocket).
We call it—knot it, Mr. Henderson.
Glossary
abashed (adj.): embarrassed or ashamed
canary (n.): a small, yellow bird that is well known for its singing, sometimes kept as
a pet
coroner (n.): the public employee responsible for investigating deaths that are not
thought to be from natural causes
facetiously (adv.): in a manner not meant to be taken seriously
fidgety (adj.): restless or uneasy
homestead (v.): (as provided by the federal Homestead Act of 1862) live in an area of
public land granted to any US citizen willing to settle on and farm the land for at least
five years
300 English: Grade 11
pleat (v.): fold cloth
queer (adj.): strange; odd
quilt (v.): join together (layers of fabric) with lines of stitching to form a warm bed
covering
resentfully (adv.): angrily, unhappily
scoffingly (adv.): scornfully
sheriff (n.): (in the US) an elected officer in a county who is responsible for keeping
the peace
tippet (n.): a shawl or scarf
Summary
Sheriff Henry Peters and county attorney George Henderson visit the Wright home to investigate the murder of John Wright. His wife, Minnie Wright, has been arrested for the murder, and the two men have come to collect evidence against her. To that end, they have brought Lewis Hale, Minnie Wright's neighbor, who was the first person other than Minnie to see John's dead body. Hale will be a witness for the prosecution at the trial. With the three men are Mrs. Peters, the sheriff's wife, and Mrs. Hale, Lewis's wife, who have come to collect some of Minnie's personal effects to bring to her in prison. The sheriff is the first to enter the Wrights' little farmhouse. He and the other two men gather around the hot stove for warmth while the women linger in the doorway. It is clear that the two women are more upset about the murder than their husbands and that they have reservations about entering the house.
Inside, the men begin their investigation. Henderson questions Hale about the events of the previous day. Hale recounts how he was going to town with a sack of potatoes when he stopped at the Wright farm, wondering if the Wrights would like to share a telephone line. He found Minnie in her rocking chair behaving strangely. She told him that John was upstairs, dead, with a rope around his neck. At the time, Minnie claimed that John was strangled in his sleep by an unknown assailant and said she did not hear the strangling, because she "sleeps sound." Minnie was arrested and is now awaiting trial for the murder of her husband. She has been in jail for a full day at this point and needs a fresh change of clothes, which is why Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale have come—out of kindness.
Henderson suggests that the men have a look around, thinking they might find some clues. The men decide not to search the room where Lewis Hale found Minnie, because, according to Sheriff Peters, there is "nothing here but kitchen things." These words demonstrate the sheriff's disdain for women's work, introducing the theme of sexism that recurs throughout the play. Sheriff Peters decides they are going to focus on the bedroom and the barn, where, they assume, the real clues will be found. When Henderson searches a cupboard, he finds several broken jars of preserves. He dismisses these jars as "trifles," even though Minnie specifically mentioned the preserves, fearing that the jars would break in the freeze. While the men are upstairs, the women conduct the real investigation. As soon as they are alone, they begin gathering things to bring to Minnie in prison: a change of clothes, a shawl, a pleated apron. This leads them to some important discoveries.
First, the women note how dull and shabby Minnie's clothes are. Mrs. Hale says, ‘‘She used to wear pretty clothes and be lively, when she was Minnie Foster," meaning that marrying John changed her. Wright was an abusive, hot-tempered man and forced Minnie to wear boring house clothes instead of the pretty clothes she likes. This is the first indication that Minnie was unhappy with her controlling husband. Then there are the little things: the bread left out to get stale, the table only half-cleaned, a quilt with crooked, erratic stitching that reflects Minnie's mental state. Things were going downhill, the women realize, long before the murder. Their suspicions are confirmed when they find the final, most important clues: a broken birdcage and a dead canary. It is likely that John broke this birdcage, though it is unclear exactly why, beyond his general cruelty. Minnie has been keeping the canary in a sewing box, wrapped up in silk like a treasure. This bird is symbolic of Minnie herself, who used to sing in the town's choir before she married.
When the men reappear suddenly, Mrs. Hale instinctively hides the sewing box and makes up a lie about a cat attacking the canary to explain away the presence of the birdcage. Before they leave, the men decide to take one last look upstairs. This gives the women time to discuss what to do. Both of them have come to sympathize with Minnie, understanding why she murdered her abusive husband. Mrs. Peters remembers what it was like when she lived on a farm with her husband. Life was rough then, and she lost her baby on the homestead. She isn't surprised that Minnie felt pushed beyond her limits. Together, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale decide to hide the evidence they have found as to Minnie's motive. Unsurprisingly, the men take no notice, thinking of these items as mere "trifles."
Understanding the text
Answer the following questions.
a. Do you believe that Mrs. Wright killed her husband? Explain.
Yes, I believe she killed her husband because there are shreds of evidence like Mrs. wright's strange behavior makes me believe that she killed her husband. Likewise,the clue to this motive is apparently discovered by Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters, it certainly seems that Mrs. Wright has, in fact, murdered her husband.Mrs. Wright has apparently murdered her husband because the canary in the pretty box has had its neck wrung; similarly, Mr. Wright has been killed by having a rope placed around his neck that was tightened until he died. Also, there are indications that Mrs. Wright felt affection for this little songbird who brought music and her only joy in her life.
b. Do you think Mr. Wright’s death would have been uncovered if Mr. Hale hadn’t
stopped by the Wrights’ home?
Yes, I think Mr. Wright's death would have been uncovered later as well even if Mr. Hale hadn't stopped by his home. But I think if it was much later, Mrs. Wright wouldn't have been accused of murder.
c. Why does Mrs. Hale think that Mrs. Wright’s worries about her preserves indicate her innocence?
Mrs. Hale thinks that Mrs. Wright is innocent, with the implication that no one so focused on trifles such as her fruit preserves and her apron could be guilty.
d. How does Mrs. Peters’ homesteading experience connect her to Mrs. Wright?
Mrs. Peter expresses when she was a girl he wanted to hurt a boy who harmed her kitten
The revelation about her darkest thoughts as though she can barely stand to admit that they exist. In this moment, she comprehends the horror of the death of Mrs. Wright's canary, and realizes that, although she had previously tried to uphold the law, the law alone cannot deliver true justice - especially in this case, when it comes to John Wright's emotional abuse of his wife. She knows that she cannot let her husband hear her thoughts because he is the sheriff and hence bound to the law, but she acknowledges that she has experienced the desire for revenge. T
e. How do the women’s perspectives on men differ?
The women ultimately outwit the men and prove their worth. Meanwhile, the men spend all their time looking for evidence because they have forgotten that evidence often consists of little things - especially when no eyewitnesses are involved. So Mrs. Hale and Peter found the evidence and hid it.
The county attorney and Mrs. Hale represent opposing sides in the matter of understanding domestic felicity. On the one hand, Henderson assumes that females are solely responsible for the domestic realm and consequently concludes that any lack of cheer in the Wright farmhouse must result from Mrs. Wright's incompetence. Mrs. Hale resents Henderson's ideas because she recognizes that although domesticity has a physical aspect, the greater part comes from the emotional and mental state of the people in the household. In her mind, because John Wright lacked the ability to empathize with his wife and because he made her feel so lonely, he is the one truly responsible for the unhappiness in their household. Henderson keeps promising to return to the subject of the state of the Wrights' marriage, but he never does and thus never comes to understand her viewpoint.
Reference to the context
Read the extracts from the play given below and answer the questions that
follow.
a. “MRS. PETERS:(glancing around). Seems funny to think of a bird here. But she
must have had one, or why would she have a cage? I wonder what happened to
it?
MRS. HALE: I s’pose maybe the cat got it.”
i. Who does ‘she’ refer to?
Mrs. Wright
ii. What does the word ‘one’ stand for?
One stands for a bird
iii. What is the full form of “s’pose”
The full form of s'pose is Supose
iv. What do you mean when Mrs. Hale says, “the cat got it”?
It means the cat might have killed the bird and eaten it.
b. “MRS. HALE: Wright was close. …… she used to wear pretty clothes and be
lively, when she was Minnie Foster, one of the town girls singing in the choir.
But that— oh, that was thirty years ago.”
i. Why does Mrs. Hale refer to Mrs. Wright as “Minnie Foster”?
She refers to unmarried Mrs. Wright. Before marriage, a girl has a name given by her father and after marriage, she is meant to use her husband's name.
ii. What does her description tell you about Mrs. Wright?
She describes her as a happy, and skillful singer when she was not married to Mr. Wright. She was outgoing and making friends with neighbour but after marriage she was changed.
iii. What does Mrs. Hale mean by “that was thirty years ago”?
She means that before 30 years ago Mrs. Wright was Winne Foster and she was unmarried.
c. What is the main theme of the play?
The main theme is given below:
Gender Differences
The most important theme in Trifles is the difference between men and women. The two sexes are distinguished by the roles they play in society, their physicality, their methods of communication and—vital to the plot of the play— their powers of observation.
In simple terms, Trifles suggests that men tend to be aggressive, brash, rough; in contrast, women are more sensitive to the needs of others.The difference that allows Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale to find the clues needed to solve the crime, while their husbands miss the same clues.
Meanwhile the women, perhaps sensing the gloom and terror in the house, enter timidly and stand close to each other just inside the door. They are partly identified by the roles their husbands play. An important detail is they are always referred to by their married names only, and no first names are used.
As the investigation commences, the men seek obvious clues that might suggest a motive for the crime—perhaps indications of alcoholism or physical abuse. Henderson overlooks the small, but significant, clues that tell the real story. He ignores Lewis, who tells him that John never seemed to care what his wife wanted, and dismisses the mess in the kitchen as the result of shoddy housekeeping. When the women rise to Minnie’s defense, he even mocks them for simply trying to be ‘‘loyal to your sex.’’
Isolation
The devastating effects of isolation—especially on women—is another theme of the play. The men seem better suited to the loneliness and isolation of rural farming. John Wright, for example, is described as a hard-working farmer who kept to himself. He did not share a telephone line, and no one other than his wife knew him very well.
The women, on the other hand, are deeply affected by isolation. Mrs. Peters remembers with dread when she and her husband were homesteading in the Dakota countryside and her only child died, leaving her alone in the house all day while her husband was out working the farm. Mrs. Hale, who has several children of her own, imagines how terrible it would be to have to live in an empty house, like Minnie, with nothing but a canary and a taciturn man for company.
For Minnie, isolation drove her to murder her husband.
d. Discuss the symbolism used in the play.
The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities is known as symbolism. There are various symbols like 1. The Cage
The birdcage represents how Mrs. Wright was trapped in her marriage and could not escape it. The birdcage door is broken which represents her broken marriage to Mr. Wright. It also represents Mrs. Wright escaping her marriage from Mr. Wright. When the door is open it allows Mrs. Wright to become a free woman. At one point in time, the cage door use to have a lock that locked the bird inside the cage. This represents how Mr. Wright kept Mrs. Wright locked up from society. Mr. Wright knew that by keeping Mrs. Wright locked up, she would never be able to tell anyone how he really acted. Mr. Wright was very cruel to his wife.
2. Bird
Another symbolic object used in "Trifles," was a bird. The bird represents Mrs. Wright, lovely yet shy. Mrs. Hale even explained to Mrs. Peters that Mrs. Wright was kind of like a bird herself real sweet, and pretty, but kind of timid and fluttery. When Mrs. Wright was Minnie Foster she sang in one of the town girls singing choir which represents the bird, since the birds used to sing beautifully like Minnie.
3. The Kitchen
As the kitchen was abandoned Mrs. Wright was abandoned by her husband. Her life is as messy as her kitchen looks.
4. Rope
The rope symbolizes death and destruction. When Mr. Wright was killed, he was choked to death with a rope. The same way Mrs. Wright was killed, so was Mrs. Wright's bird. The death of Mr. Wright was Mrs. Wright's way of starting a new life. The bird's death symbolizes Mrs. Wright's dying because she is with Mr. Wright who had killed all his dreams, happiness, and desires
e. Discuss the setting of the play. Does it have an impact on the theme of the play?
In the play of Susan Glaspell’s play, it was written in the year 1916. The setting of the play is in a kitchen, the sphere, and everything surrounding shows the women’s lives. It shows the writers being preoccupied with the culture, which is bound by the sex and gender roles. As it has been explained in the title. Trifles mean something of little or no importance. The setting in Trifles is very significant. The play is set in a rural area, more specifically at an abandoned farmhouse. Being set in a rural landscape, the characters are meant to represent real people. And although this is set in America's heartland, the relatively larger distance between neighbors in rural farming areas implies a sense of loneliness that parallel's Mrs. Wright's loneliness. When Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale discuss Mrs. Wright's personality and relationship with Mr. Wright, Mrs. Hale notes that the house "never seemed a very cheerful place" and she implies that John is cold person who doesn't show any affection towards her wife. So he is as cold as his farm is.
The women in this society are seen as the trifles, which has no importance. Only found only in the kitchen. They do not seem to be helpful, but men are seen as crucial according to what they do. Glaspell decides to question the woman and man irrelativeness in the society, by stirring up tension and drama, which reveals the differences between the two narratives the woman and the man. She argues centrally on the roles of a woman in the society, how perspectives and knowledge are devalued or valued in some particular contexts.
a. The credibility of a character is determined not only by the character’s thoughts
and actions but also by what other characters say and think about him or her.
Discuss in relation to the characters of Trifles.
In the play the characters reveal major traits of lead characters who don't even come on the stage. investigations.
The women are there to get the preparation of personal effect that they need to carry to Mrs. Wright, who is imprisoned. The way women and the men view the crime is very different. The women know who the killer from the evidence they saw in the kitchen, but due to them going through similar abuse in the society decides to cover up for their friend. Men, on the other hand, does not enter the kitchen where evidence was, due to men’s ignorance that the kitchen is the world of women they leave the truth behind which was very open. It gives us knowledge that the women way of getting to know about the evidence gave them knowledge and the decision on how to act on that particular findings or the knowledge. The women instantly learned about the life Mrs. Wright has been living, not only the research on a murder case. Mrs. Wright was staying or living in the kitchen, unlike other people who live in the living room. As this is this way of getting some facts from the woman, the women have the ability to gain power for low status and can keep them quiet at the end of it.
b. Dramatic irony occurs when the reader or audience has information that is
unknown to the characters in a play; it creates tension and suspense. Analyse the
play discussing the author’s use of dramatic irony based on these questions:
What information is crucial to the play Trifles?
How does the playwright use this information to create dramatic irony?
What effect does the dramatic irony have on the audience and on the play?
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